X-SAMPA

Розширений фонетичний алфавіт SAM (Extended SAM Phonetic Alphabet) — варіант SAMPA, розроблений у 1995 році, професором фонетики . Він був сформований для уніфікації SAMPA алфавітів окремих мов й розширити SAMPA таким чином, що включити в нього увесь набір символів міжнародного фонетичного алфавіту.

В резутаті утворилася система відображення міжнародного фонетичного алфавіту за допомогою семибітових кодів ASCII.

Коротко

Примітки

Ті символи МФА, які зображаються звичайними малими буквами латинського алфавіту зберегли свої значення в X-SAMPA.

X-SAMPA використовує обернений слеш (\) для створення нових символів. Наприклад, звук O відрізняється від O\

настільки, що не має з ним нічого спільного.

X-SAMPA diacritics follow the symbols they modify. Except for ~ for nasalization, = for syllabicity, and ` for retroflexion and rhotacization, diacritics are joined to the character with the underscore character _.
The underscore character is also used to encode the IPA tiebar.
The numbers _1 to _6 are reserved diacritics as shorthand for language-specific tone numbers.

Малі літери

X-SAMPA	IPA	Опис	Приклад
`a`	a	неогублений голосний переднього ряду низького піднесення	French dame [`dam`], Spanish padre [`«paD4e`]
`b`	b	voiced bilabial plosive	English bed [`bEd`], French bon [`bO~`]
`b_<`	ɓ	voiced bilabial implosive	Sindhi ɓarʊ [`b_<arU`]
`c`	c	voiceless palatal plosive	Hungarian latyak [`»lAcAk`]
`d`	d	voiced alveolar plosive	English dig [`dIg`], French doigt [`dwa`]
d`	ɖ	voiced retroflex plosive	Swedish hord [hu:d`]
`d_<`	ɗ	voiced alveolar implosive	Sindhi ɗarʊ [`d_<arU`]
`e`	e	close-mid front unrounded vowel	French ses [`se`]
`f`	f	voiceless labiodental fricative	English five [`faIv`], French femme [`fam`]
`g`	ɡ	voiced velar plosive	English game [`geIm`], French longue [`lO~g`]
`g_<`	ɠ	voiced velar implosive	Sindhi ɠəro [`g_<@ro`]
`h`	h	voiceless glottal fricative	English house [`haUs`]
`h\`	ɦ	voiced glottal fricative	Czech hrad [`h\rat`]
`i`	i	неогублений голосний переднього ряду високого піднесення	English be [`bi:`], French oui [`wi`], Spanish si [`si`]
`j`	j	palatal approximant	English yes [`jEs`], French yeux [`j2`]
`j\`	ʝ	voiced palatal fricative	Greek γειά [`j\a`]
`k`	k	voiceless velar plosive	English scat [`sk{t`], Spanish carro [`«kar:o`]
`l`	l	ясенний боковий апроксимант	English lay [`leI`], French mal [`mal`]
l`	ɭ	retroflex lateral approximant	Svealand Swedish sorl [so:l`]
`l\`	ɺ	alveolar lateral flap	Japanese phoneme `/r/`
`m`	m	bilabial nasal	English mouse [`maUs`], French homme [`Om`]
`n`	n	ясенний носовий приголосний	English nap [`n{p`], French non [`nO~`]
n`	ɳ	retroflex nasal	Swedish hörn [h2:n`]
`o`	o	close-mid back rounded vowel	French gros [`gRo`]
`p`	p	voiceless bilabial plosive	English speak [`spik`], French pose [`poz`], Spanish perro [`»per:o`]
`p\`	ɸ	voiceless bilabial fricative	Japanese fuku [`p\M_0kM`]
`q`	q	voiceless uvular plosive	Arabic qasbah [`«qQs_Gba`]
`r`	r	alveolar trill	Spanish perro [`»per:o`]
r`	ɽ	retroflex flap
`r\`	ɹ	alveolar approximant	English red [`r\Ed`]
r\`	ɻ	retroflex approximant	Malayalam വഴി [«v6r\`i]
`s`	s	voiceless alveolar fricative	English seem [`si:m`], French session [`se»sjO~`]
s`	ʂ	voiceless retroflex fricative	Swedish mars [mas`]
`s\`	ɕ	voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative	Polish świerszcz [`s\v'erStS`]
`t`	t	voiceless alveolar plosive	English stew [`stju:`], French raté [`Ra"te`], Spanish tuyo [`«tujo`]
t`	ʈ	voiceless retroflex plosive	Swedish mört [m2t`]
`u`	u	close back rounded vowel	English boom [`bu:m`], Spanish su [`su`]
`v`	v	voiced labiodental fricative	English vest [`vEst`], French voix [`vwa`]
`v\` (or `P`)	ʋ	labiodental approximant	Dutch west [`v\Est`]/[`PEst`]
`w`	w	labial-velar approximant	English west [`wEst`], French oui [`wi`]
`x`	x	voiceless velar fricative	Scots loch [`lQx`]
`x\`	ɧ	voiceless palatal-velar fricative	Swedish sjal [`x\A:l`]
`y`	y	close front rounded vowel	French tu [`ty`] German über [`»y:b6`]
`z`	z	voiced alveolar fricative	English zoo [`zu:`], French azote [`a"zOt`]
z`	ʐ	voiced retroflex fricative	Mandarin Chinese rang [z`aN]
`z\`	ʑ	voiced alveolo-palatal fricative	Polish źrebak [`«z\rEbak`]

Великі літери

XS	IPA	Опис	Приклад
`A`	ɑ	open back unrounded vowel	English father [`»fA:D@`(`r\`)] (RP and Gen.Am.)
`B`	β	voiced bilabial fricative	Spanish lavar [`la"Ba4`]
`B\`	ʙ	bilabial trill	Reminiscent of shivering («brrr»)
`C`	ç	voiceless palatal fricative	German ich [`IC`], English human [`«Cjum@n`] (broad transcription uses [`hj`-])
`D`	ð	voiced dental fricative	English then [`DEn`]
`E`	ɛ	open-mid front unrounded vowel	French même [`mEm`], English met [`mEt`]
`F`	ɱ	labiodental nasal	English emphasis [`»EFf@sIs`] (spoken quickly, otherwise uses [`Emf`-])
`G`	ɣ	voiced velar fricative	Greek γωνία [`Go"nia`], Danish vælge [`«vElG@`]
`G\`	ɢ	voiced uvular plosive	Inuktitut nirivvik [`niG\ivvik]`
`G\_<`	ʛ	voiced uvular implosive	Mam ʛa [`G\_<a`]
`H`	ɥ	labial-palatal approximant	French huit [`Hi`]
`H\`	ʜ	voiceless epiglottal fricative
`I`	ɪ	near-close near-front unrounded vowel	English kit [`kIt`]
`I\`	Ɨ	central lax close unrounded vowel, not in IPA	Polish ryba [rI\bA]
`J`	ɲ	palatal nasal	Spanish año [`»aJo`], English canyon [`«k{J@n`] (broad transcription uses [-`nj`-])
`J\`	ɟ	voiced palatal plosive	Hungarian egy [`EJ\`]
`J\_<`	ʄ	voiced palatal implosive	Sindhi ʄaro [`J\_<aro`]
`K`	ɬ	voiceless alveolar lateral fricative	Welsh llaw [`KaU`]
`K\`	ɮ	voiced alveolar lateral fricative
`L`	ʎ	palatal lateral approximant	Italian famiglia [`fa»miLa`], Castilian llamar [`La"mar`], English million [`«mIL@n`] (broad transcription uses [-`lj`-])
`L\`	ʟ	velar lateral approximant
`M`	ɯ	close back unrounded vowel	Korean 으 (eu)
`M\`	ɰ	velar approximant	Spanish fuego [`»fweM\o`]
`N`	ŋ	velar nasal	English thing [`TIN`]
`N\`	ɴ	uvular nasal	Japanese san [`saN\`]
`O`	ɔ	open-mid back rounded vowel	British English thought [`TO:t`], American English off [`O:f`]
`O\`	ʘ	bilabial click
`P` (or `v\`)	ʋ	labiodental approximant	Dutch west [`PEst`]/[`v\Est`], allophone of English phoneme `/r\/`
`Q`	ɒ	open back rounded vowel	British English lot [`lQt`]
`R`	ʁ	voiced uvular fricative	French roi [`Rwa`]
`R\`	ʀ	uvular trill	German phoneme `/r/`
`S`	ʃ	voiceless postalveolar fricative	English ship [`SIp`]
`T`	θ	voiceless dental fricative	English thin [`TIn`]
`U`	ʊ	near-close near-back rounded vowel	English foot [`fUt`]
`U\`	ʊ̵	central lax close rounded vowel, not in IPA
`V`	ʌ	open-mid back unrounded vowel	RP English strut [`str\Vt`]
`W`	ʍ	voiceless labial-velar fricative	Scots when [`WEn`]
`X`	χ	voiceless uvular fricative	Klallam sχaʔqʷaʔ [`sXa?q_wa?`]
`X\`	ħ	voiceless pharyngeal fricative	Arabic <ح>ha’ [`X\A:`]
`Y`	ʏ	near-close near-front rounded vowel	German hübsch [`hYpS`]
`Z`	ʒ	voiced postalveolar fricative	English vision [`«vIZ@n`]

Інші символи

XS	IPA	Опис	Приклад
`.`	.	syllable break
`»`	ˈ	primary stress
`%`	ˌ	secondary stress
`'` (or `_j`)	ʲ	palatalized
`:`	ː	long
`:\`	ˑ	half long	Estonian differentiates three vowel lengths
`-`		separator
`@`	ə	schwa	English arena [`@"r\i:n@`]
`@\`	ɘ	close-mid central unrounded vowel	Paicĩ kɘ̄ɾɘ [`k@\_M4@\_M`]
`{`	æ	near-open front unrounded vowel	English trap [`tr\{p`]
`}`	ʉ	close central rounded vowel	Swedish sju [`x\}:`]; AuE/NZE boot [`b}:t`]
`1`	ɨ	close central unrounded vowel	Welsh tu [`t1`], American English rose's [`«r\oUz1z`]
`2`	ø	close-mid front rounded vowel	Danish købe [`»k2:b@`], French deux [`d2`]
`3`	ɜ	open-mid central unrounded vowel	English nurse [`n3:s`] (RP) or [n3`s] (Gen.Am.)
`3\`	ɞ	open-mid central rounded vowel	Irish tomhail[`t3\:l'`]
`4`	ɾ	alveolar flap	Spanish pero [`«pe4o`], American English better [»bE4@`]
`5`	ɫ	velarized alveolar lateral approximant; also see `_e`	English milk [`mI5k`]
`6`	ɐ	near-open central vowel	German besser [`«bEs6`], Australian English mud [`m6d`]
`7`	ɤ	close-mid back unrounded vowel	Estonian kõik [`k7ik`], Occurs in Vietnamese
`8`	ɵ	close-mid central rounded vowel	Swedish buss [`b8s`]
`9`	œ	open-mid front rounded vowel	French neuf [`n9f`], Danish drømme [`dR9m@`]
`&`	ɶ	open front rounded vowel
`?`	ʔ	гортанна змичка	Danish stød [`sd2?`], Cockney English bottle [`»bQ?l`]
`?\`	ʕ	voiced pharyngeal fricative	Arabic ع‎ (`ayn) [`?\Ajn`]
`*`		undefined escape character, SAMPA's «conjunctor»
`/`		indeterminacy in French vowels
`<`		begin nonsegmental notation (e.g., SAMPROSA)
`<\`	ʢ	voiced epiglottal fricative
`>`		end nonsegmental notation
`>\`	ʡ	epiglottal plosive
`^`	↑	upstep
`!`	↓	downstep
`!\`	ǃ	postalveolar click
		minor (foot) group
\	ǀ	dental click
\|		major (intonation) group
\\|\	ǁ	lateral alveolar click
`=\`	ǂ	palatal click
`-\`	̮	linking mark

Діакритичні знаки

XS	IPA	Опис
`_"`	̈	centralized
`_+`	̟	advanced
`_-`	̠	retracted
`_/`	ˇ	rising tone
`_0`	̥	voiceless
`_<`		implosive (IPA uses separate symbols for implosives)
`=` (or `_=`)	̩	syllabic
`_>`	ʼ	ejective
`_?\`	ˤ	pharyngealized
`_\`	ˆ	falling tone
`_^`	̯	non-syllabic
`_}`	̚	no audible release
`	˞	rhotacization in vowels, retroflexion in consonants (IPA uses separate symbols for consonants, see t` for an example)
`~` (or `_~`)	̃	nasalization
`_A`	̘	advanced tongue root
`_a`	̺	apical
`_B`	̏	extra low tone
`_B_L`		low rising tone
`_c`	̜	less rounded
`_d`	̪	dental
`_e`	̴	velarized or pharyngealized; also see `5`
`<F>`		global fall
`_F`	̂	falling tone
`_G`	ˠ	velarized
`_H`	́	high tone
`_H_T`		high rising tone
`_h`	ʰ	aspirated
`_j` (or `'`)	ʲ	palatalized
`_k`	̰	creaky voice
`_L`	̀	low tone
`_l`	ˡ	lateral release
`_M`	̄	mid tone
`_m`	̻	laminal
`_N`	̼	linguolabial
`_n`	ⁿ	nasal release
`_O`	̹	more rounded
`_o`	̞	lowered
`_q`	̙	retracted tongue root
`<R>`		global rise
`_R`	̌	rising tone
`_R_F`		rising falling tone
`_r`	̝	raised
`_T`	̋	extra high tone
`_t`	̤	breathy voice
`_v`	̬	voiced
`_w`	ʷ	labialized
`_X`	̆	extra-short
`_x`	̽	mid-centralized

Також дивіться

(IPA)
* , a language-specific predecessor of X-SAMPA.
, an unofficial, extended version of X-SAMPA used for * * , a similar system.

Посилання

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