X-SAMPA
Розширений фонетичний алфавіт SAM (Extended SAM Phonetic Alphabet) — варіант SAMPA, розроблений у 1995 році, професором фонетики . Він був сформований для уніфікації SAMPA алфавітів окремих мов й розширити SAMPA таким чином, що включити в нього увесь набір символів міжнародного фонетичного алфавіту.
В резутаті утворилася система відображення міжнародного фонетичного алфавіту за допомогою семибітових кодів ASCII.
Коротко
Примітки
- Ті символи МФА, які зображаються звичайними малими буквами латинського алфавіту зберегли свої значення в X-SAMPA.
- X-SAMPA використовує обернений слеш (\) для створення нових символів. Наприклад, звук O відрізняється від O\
настільки, що не має з ним нічого спільного.
- X-SAMPA diacritics follow the symbols they modify. Except for ~ for nasalization, = for syllabicity, and ` for retroflexion and rhotacization, diacritics are joined to the character with the underscore character _.
- The underscore character is also used to encode the IPA tiebar.
- The numbers _1 to _6 are reserved diacritics as shorthand for language-specific tone numbers.
Малі літери
X-SAMPA | IPA | IPA | Опис | Приклад |
---|---|---|---|---|
a | a | ![]() | неогублений голосний переднього ряду низького піднесення | French dame [dam], Spanish padre [«paD4e] |
b | b | ![]() | voiced bilabial plosive | English bed [bEd], French bon [bO~] |
b_< | ɓ | ![]() | voiced bilabial implosive | Sindhi ɓarʊ [b_<arU] |
c | c | ![]() | voiceless palatal plosive | Hungarian latyak [»lAcAk] |
d | d | ![]() | voiced alveolar plosive | English dig [dIg], French doigt [dwa] |
d` | ɖ | ![]() | voiced retroflex plosive | Swedish hord [hu:d`] |
d_< | ɗ | ![]() | voiced alveolar implosive | Sindhi ɗarʊ [d_<arU] |
e | e | ![]() | close-mid front unrounded vowel | French ses [se] |
f | f | ![]() | voiceless labiodental fricative | English five [faIv], French femme [fam] |
g | ɡ | ![]() | voiced velar plosive | English game [geIm], French longue [lO~g] |
g_< | ɠ | ![]() | voiced velar implosive | Sindhi ɠəro [g_<@ro] |
h | h | ![]() | voiceless glottal fricative | English house [haUs] |
h\ | ɦ | ![]() | voiced glottal fricative | Czech hrad [h\rat] |
i | i | ![]() | неогублений голосний переднього ряду високого піднесення | English be [bi:], French oui [wi], Spanish si [si] |
j | j | ![]() | palatal approximant | English yes [jEs], French yeux [j2] |
j\ | ʝ | ![]() | voiced palatal fricative | Greek γειά [j\a] |
k | k | ![]() | voiceless velar plosive | English scat [sk{t], Spanish carro [«kar:o] |
l | l | ![]() | ясенний боковий апроксимант | English lay [leI], French mal [mal] |
l` | ɭ | ![]() | retroflex lateral approximant | Svealand Swedish sorl [so:l`] |
l\ | ɺ | ![]() | alveolar lateral flap | Japanese phoneme /r/ |
m | m | ![]() | bilabial nasal | English mouse [maUs], French homme [Om] |
n | n | ![]() | ясенний носовий приголосний | English nap [n{p], French non [nO~] |
n` | ɳ | ![]() | retroflex nasal | Swedish hörn [h2:n`] |
o | o | ![]() | close-mid back rounded vowel | French gros [gRo] |
p | p | ![]() | voiceless bilabial plosive | English speak [spik], French pose [poz], Spanish perro [»per:o] |
p\ | ɸ | ![]() | voiceless bilabial fricative | Japanese fuku [p\M_0kM] |
q | q | ![]() | voiceless uvular plosive | Arabic qasbah [«qQs_Gba] |
r | r | ![]() | alveolar trill | Spanish perro [»per:o] |
r` | ɽ | ![]() | retroflex flap | |
r\ | ɹ | ![]() | alveolar approximant | English red [r\Ed] |
r\` | ɻ | ![]() | retroflex approximant | Malayalam വഴി [«v6r\`i] |
s | s | ![]() | voiceless alveolar fricative | English seem [si:m], French session [se»sjO~] |
s` | ʂ | ![]() | voiceless retroflex fricative | Swedish mars [mas`] |
s\ | ɕ | ![]() | voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative | Polish świerszcz [s\v'erStS] |
t | t | ![]() | voiceless alveolar plosive | English stew [stju:], French raté [Ra"te], Spanish tuyo [«tujo] |
t` | ʈ | ![]() | voiceless retroflex plosive | Swedish mört [m2t`] |
u | u | ![]() | close back rounded vowel | English boom [bu:m], Spanish su [su] |
v | v | ![]() | voiced labiodental fricative | English vest [vEst], French voix [vwa] |
v\ (or P) | ʋ | ![]() | labiodental approximant | Dutch west [v\Est]/[PEst] |
w | w | ![]() | labial-velar approximant | English west [wEst], French oui [wi] |
x | x | ![]() | voiceless velar fricative | Scots loch [lQx] |
x\ | ɧ | ![]() | voiceless palatal-velar fricative | Swedish sjal [x\A:l] |
y | y | ![]() | close front rounded vowel | French tu [ty] German über [»y:b6] |
z | z | ![]() | voiced alveolar fricative | English zoo [zu:], French azote [a"zOt] |
z` | ʐ | ![]() | voiced retroflex fricative | Mandarin Chinese rang [z`aN] |
z\ | ʑ | ![]() | voiced alveolo-palatal fricative | Polish źrebak [«z\rEbak] |
Великі літери
XS | IPA | IPA | Опис | Приклад |
---|---|---|---|---|
A | ɑ | ![]() | open back unrounded vowel | English father [»fA:D@(r\)] (RP and Gen.Am.) |
B | β | ![]() | voiced bilabial fricative | Spanish lavar [la"Ba4] |
B\ | ʙ | ![]() | bilabial trill | Reminiscent of shivering («brrr») |
C | ç | ![]() | voiceless palatal fricative | German ich [IC], English human [«Cjum@n] (broad transcription uses [hj-]) |
D | ð | ![]() | voiced dental fricative | English then [DEn] |
E | ɛ | ![]() | open-mid front unrounded vowel | French même [mEm], English met [mEt] |
F | ɱ | ![]() | labiodental nasal | English emphasis [»EFf@sIs] (spoken quickly, otherwise uses [Emf-]) |
G | ɣ | ![]() | voiced velar fricative | Greek γωνία [Go"nia], Danish vælge [«vElG@] |
G\ | ɢ | ![]() | voiced uvular plosive | Inuktitut nirivvik [niG\ivvik] |
G\_< | ʛ | ![]() | voiced uvular implosive | Mam ʛa [G\_<a] |
H | ɥ | ![]() | labial-palatal approximant | French huit [Hi] |
H\ | ʜ | ![]() | voiceless epiglottal fricative | |
I | ɪ | ![]() | near-close near-front unrounded vowel | English kit [kIt] |
I\ | Ɨ | ![]() | central lax close unrounded vowel, not in IPA | Polish ryba [rI\bA] |
J | ɲ | ![]() | palatal nasal | Spanish año [»aJo], English canyon [«k{J@n] (broad transcription uses [-nj-]) |
J\ | ɟ | ![]() | voiced palatal plosive | Hungarian egy [EJ\] |
J\_< | ʄ | ![]() | voiced palatal implosive | Sindhi ʄaro [J\_<aro] |
K | ɬ | ![]() | voiceless alveolar lateral fricative | Welsh llaw [KaU] |
K\ | ɮ | ![]() | voiced alveolar lateral fricative | |
L | ʎ | ![]() | palatal lateral approximant | Italian famiglia [fa»miLa], Castilian llamar [La"mar], English million [«mIL@n] (broad transcription uses [-lj-]) |
L\ | ʟ | ![]() | velar lateral approximant | |
M | ɯ | ![]() | close back unrounded vowel | Korean 으 (eu) |
M\ | ɰ | ![]() | velar approximant | Spanish fuego [»fweM\o] |
N | ŋ | ![]() | velar nasal | English thing [TIN] |
N\ | ɴ | ![]() | uvular nasal | Japanese san [saN\] |
O | ɔ | ![]() | open-mid back rounded vowel | British English thought [TO:t], American English off [O:f] |
O\ | ʘ | ![]() | bilabial click | |
P (or v\) | ʋ | ![]() | labiodental approximant | Dutch west [PEst]/[v\Est], allophone of English phoneme /r\/ |
Q | ɒ | ![]() | open back rounded vowel | British English lot [lQt] |
R | ʁ | ![]() | voiced uvular fricative | French roi [Rwa] |
R\ | ʀ | ![]() | uvular trill | German phoneme /r/ |
S | ʃ | ![]() | voiceless postalveolar fricative | English ship [SIp] |
T | θ | ![]() | voiceless dental fricative | English thin [TIn] |
U | ʊ | ![]() | near-close near-back rounded vowel | English foot [fUt] |
U\ | ʊ̵ | ![]() | central lax close rounded vowel, not in IPA | |
V | ʌ | ![]() | open-mid back unrounded vowel | RP English strut [str\Vt] |
W | ʍ | ![]() | voiceless labial-velar fricative | Scots when [WEn] |
X | χ | ![]() | voiceless uvular fricative | Klallam sχaʔqʷaʔ [sXa?q_wa?] |
X\ | ħ | ![]() | voiceless pharyngeal fricative | Arabic <ح>ha’ [X\A:] |
Y | ʏ | ![]() | near-close near-front rounded vowel | German hübsch [hYpS] |
Z | ʒ | ![]() | voiced postalveolar fricative | English vision [«vIZ@n] |
Інші символи
XS | IPA | IPA | Опис | Приклад |
---|---|---|---|---|
. | . | ![]() | syllable break | |
» | ˈ | ![]() | primary stress | |
% | ˌ | ![]() | secondary stress | |
' (or _j) | ʲ | ![]() | palatalized | |
: | ː | ![]() | long | |
:\ | ˑ | ![]() | half long | Estonian differentiates three vowel lengths |
- | separator | |||
@ | ə | ![]() | schwa | English arena [@"r\i:n@] |
@\ | ɘ | ![]() | close-mid central unrounded vowel | Paicĩ kɘ̄ɾɘ [k@\_M4@\_M] |
{ | æ | ![]() | near-open front unrounded vowel | English trap [tr\{p] |
} | ʉ | ![]() | close central rounded vowel | Swedish sju [x\}:]; AuE/NZE boot [b}:t] |
1 | ɨ | ![]() | close central unrounded vowel | Welsh tu [t1], American English rose's [«r\oUz1z] |
2 | ø | ![]() | close-mid front rounded vowel | Danish købe [»k2:b@], French deux [d2] |
3 | ɜ | ![]() | open-mid central unrounded vowel | English nurse [n3:s] (RP) or [n3`s] (Gen.Am.) |
3\ | ɞ | ![]() | open-mid central rounded vowel | Irish tomhail[t3\:l'] |
4 | ɾ | ![]() | alveolar flap | Spanish pero [«pe4o], American English better [»bE4@`] |
5 | ɫ | ![]() | velarized alveolar lateral approximant; also see _e | English milk [mI5k] |
6 | ɐ | ![]() | near-open central vowel | German besser [«bEs6], Australian English mud [m6d] |
7 | ɤ | ![]() | close-mid back unrounded vowel | Estonian kõik [k7ik], Occurs in Vietnamese |
8 | ɵ | ![]() | close-mid central rounded vowel | Swedish buss [b8s] |
9 | œ | ![]() | open-mid front rounded vowel | French neuf [n9f], Danish drømme [dR9m@] |
& | ɶ | ![]() | open front rounded vowel | |
? | ʔ | ![]() | гортанна змичка | Danish stød [sd2?], Cockney English bottle [»bQ?l] |
?\ | ʕ | ![]() | voiced pharyngeal fricative | Arabic ع (`ayn) [?\Ajn] |
* | undefined escape character, SAMPA's «conjunctor» | |||
/ | indeterminacy in French vowels | |||
< | begin nonsegmental notation (e.g., SAMPROSA) | |||
<\ | ʢ | ![]() | voiced epiglottal fricative | |
> | end nonsegmental notation | |||
>\ | ʡ | ![]() | epiglottal plosive | |
^ | ↑ | ![]() | upstep | |
! | ↓ | ![]() | downstep | |
!\ | ǃ | ![]() | postalveolar click | |
![]() | minor (foot) group | |||
\ | ǀ | ![]() | dental click | |
| | ![]() | major (intonation) group | ||
\|\ | ǁ | ![]() | lateral alveolar click | |
=\ | ǂ | ![]() | palatal click | |
-\ | ̮ | ![]() | linking mark |
Діакритичні знаки
XS | IPA | IPA | Опис |
---|---|---|---|
_" | ̈ | ![]() | centralized |
_+ | ̟ | ![]() | advanced |
_- | ̠ | ![]() | retracted |
_/ | ˇ | rising tone | |
_0 | ̥ | ![]() | voiceless |
_< | implosive (IPA uses separate symbols for implosives) | ||
= (or _=) | ̩ | ![]() | syllabic |
_> | ʼ | ![]() | ejective |
_?\ | ˤ | ![]() | pharyngealized |
_\ | ˆ | falling tone | |
_^ | ̯ | ![]() | non-syllabic |
_} | ̚ | ![]() | no audible release |
` | ˞ | ![]() | rhotacization in vowels, retroflexion in consonants (IPA uses separate symbols for consonants, see t` for an example) |
~ (or _~) | ̃ | ![]() | nasalization |
_A | ̘ | ![]() | advanced tongue root |
_a | ̺ | ![]() | apical |
_B | ̏ | ![]() | extra low tone |
_B_L | ![]() | low rising tone | |
_c | ̜ | ![]() | less rounded |
_d | ̪ | ![]() | dental |
_e | ̴ | ![]() | velarized or pharyngealized; also see 5 |
<F> | ![]() | global fall | |
_F | ̂ | ![]() | falling tone |
_G | ˠ | ![]() | velarized |
_H | ́ | ![]() | high tone |
_H_T | ![]() | high rising tone | |
_h | ʰ | ![]() | aspirated |
_j (or ') | ʲ | ![]() | palatalized |
_k | ̰ | ![]() | creaky voice |
_L | ̀ | ![]() | low tone |
_l | ˡ | ![]() | lateral release |
_M | ̄ | ![]() | mid tone |
_m | ̻ | ![]() | laminal |
_N | ̼ | ![]() | linguolabial |
_n | ⁿ | ![]() | nasal release |
_O | ̹ | ![]() | more rounded |
_o | ̞ | ![]() | lowered |
_q | ̙ | ![]() | retracted tongue root |
<R> | ![]() | global rise | |
_R | ̌ | ![]() | rising tone |
_R_F | ![]() | rising falling tone | |
_r | ̝ | ![]() | raised |
_T | ̋ | ![]() | extra high tone |
_t | ̤ | ![]() | breathy voice |
_v | ̬ | ![]() | voiced |
_w | ʷ | ![]() | labialized |
_X | ̆ | ![]() | extra-short |
_x | ̽ | ![]() | mid-centralized |
Також дивіться
- (IPA)
- * , a language-specific predecessor of X-SAMPA.
- , an unofficial, extended version of X-SAMPA used for * * , a similar system.
Посилання
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