Міжнародна премія Гайрднера

«In recognition of his contribution to the knowledge of rheumatology and especially for achievement in introducing an agglutination test which has become a valuable investigative procedure in differentiation of rheumatoid arthritis from other rheumatic diseases, thus revealing a hitherto unknown avenue for the investigation of their origin»

«In recognition of his contribution to the knowledge of pharmacology and especially for meritorious achievement in introducing the methonium compounds, which have played a valuable role in the treatment of hypertension»

«In recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of medicine and especially for outstanding achievement in developing an operation for the treatment of congenital heart lesions, thus introducing a new era in cardiac surgery»

«In recognition of her contribution to the knowledge of pharmacology and especially for meritorious achievement in introducing the methonium compounds, which have played a valuable role in the treatment of hypertension»

«In recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of cardiology and especially for his achievement in developing the hypothermia method of open heart surgery»

«In recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of cardiology, and especially for his achievement in developing and using a heart-lung machine in the first successful surgical correction of a heart defect in a human patient, thus introducing new and practical means for prolonging life among persons with congenital and acquired heart defects»

«In recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of pathology and immunology, and especially for his achievements in demonstrating the role of hypersensitivity in the production of certain tissue lesions, such as those found in various rheumatic and other diseases, thus introducing new methods for their further investigation»

«In recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of physiology and pathology, and especially for his achievements in elucidating the chemical structure of the ground substance found in connective tissue, site of the inflammatory processes involved in the rheumatic diseases»

«In recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of cardiology and clinical physiology and especially for his achievements in the early application of cardiac catheterization technique to the measurement of cardiac pressure and output, thus making an important contribution to the understanding of heart failure»

«In recognition of his many contributions to the knowledge of cardiac physiology, and especially for his achievement in developing the dye dilution technique for determining cardiac output, which has made possible many advances in the diagnosis and investigation of heart disease»

«In recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of pharmacology, cardiac-physiology and vaso-neurology, and especially for his achievements in elucidating the role of various drugs, noradrenaline and the sympathetic nervous system in the excitation and control of cardio-vascular disease»

«In recognition of his many contributions to the knowledge of rheumatology and epidemiology and especially for his leadership in devising and executing scientific studies of the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis, providing for greater understanding of the natural history of this disease, thus contributing to progressive improvements in methods for its diagnosis and treatment»

«In recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of rheumatology and biochemistry, and especially for his achievements in elucidating the metabolic defects present in gout, and in demonstrating the action of certain drugs which increase the excretion of uric acid, thus leading to the present situation in which it is possible to exercise almost perfect control over attacks of acute gout and prevent gouty arthritis»

«In recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of cardiovascular physiology and especially for his achievements in applying the basic laws of physics to the peripheral and pulmonary circulations, thus providing scientific explanation of the factors governing the collapse, the opening up, and the size of blood vessels which has also brought about an improved understanding of the behaviour of blood vessels in health and disease»

«In recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of the functional pathology, investigation and surgery of congenital and rheumatic heart disease and especially for his elucidation of the factors, both valvular and muscular, which may obstruct the flow of blood from either the right or the left side of the heart into the main arteries of the lungs and body, which has led to the rational surgical management of such obstructive diseases of the heart»

«In recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of the substances released at the nerve endings of the sympathetic nervous system and especially for his recognition that noradrenaline was the most important substance and that it was present in significant amount in all body organs (including the heart) that have a sympathetic nerve supply»

«In recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of molecular biology and genetics, including his inspiring investigations of the nucleic acids which have shown how genetic information can be impressed and stored in the germ cells of parents and be transmitted to succeeding generations, his studies of the molecular structure of collagen and especially his brilliant development of the 'coding' theory - a concept which explains the way in which information carried in the genes determines the amino acid sequence and therefore the structure and character of all the many different proteins which are continuously being synthesized by the living organism»

«In recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of cardiology and especially for his leadership in the field of cardiac surgery, including his pioneer development of operations to correct coarctation of the aorta and patent ductus arteriosus»

«In recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of pathology and immunology, and especially for his development of the fluorescent antibody technique which has cast new light on hypersensitivity reactions, and which has opened important new avenues for the study of diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, glomerulonephritis, rheumatic fever and disseminated lupus erythematosus, in which these reactions may be involved»

«In recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of cardiac physiology and especially for his demonstration of the interrelated roles of the nervous system, hormones and heart size in the control of cardiac performance, thus establishing physiological principles which have assisted medical scientists to better understand the action of the heart in normal and diseased states»

«In recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of medicine and especially for his serological, immunological and metabolic studies of protein molecules, which have increased the understanding of such diverse diseases as cirrhosis of the liver, multiple myeloma, arteriosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and disseminated lupus erythematosus»

«In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the knowledge of micro anatomy and human cytogenetics and, in particular, for his discovery of a technique for the specific identification of male and female cells, thus opening vast new areas for research into the normal and abnormal development of bodily structures, which have led to an improved understanding of several important congenital anomalies including some errors of sexual development and some forms of mental retardation»

«In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the knowledge of rheumatology and pediatrics and, in particular, for his painstaking delineations of the natural history of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, and for his penetrating and critical descriptions of several other rheumatic syndromes, which have provided criteria for diagnosis and prognosis, establishing an improved basis for the treatment decisions which must be made on behalf of patients suffering from these diseases»

«In recognition of his distinguished contribution to the knowledge of cardiac surgery and cardiac physiology and, in particular, for his pioneering contributions to open heart surgery before the development of pump oxygenators, his contributions to the improvement of the mechanical means of extra corporeal circulation, his early use of cardiac pace makers, and his practical and theoretical leadership in the development of successful surgical techniques for the correction of congenital and acquired heart defects»

«In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the knowledge of biochemistry and, in particular, for his contributions to immunohistochemistry, including the development of the immunoelectrophoretic technique, which has made possible the specific identification of many bodily proteins, thus opening important new avenues for research in diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, in which disordered immunological responses appear to be implicated»

«In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the knowledge of cardiac and vascular physiology, pharmacology, and endocrinology, and, in particular, for his persevering leadership in these fields, which in association with numerous colleagues has led to several discoveries of importance, notably the existence and synthesis of angiotensin, an important factor in the understanding and management of hypertension, and the existence of serotonin, which has laid the foundation for many advances in neuro chemistry»

«In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the knowledge of vascular physiology and, in particular, for his studies of the mechanism of hypertension, and especially for his demonstration that the increased secretion of aldosterone observed in many patients suffering from this disorder is stimulated by angiotensin»

«In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the knowledge of cellular biology and, in particular, for his development and application of sophisticated techniques of electron microscopy resulting in his early demonstration of many important features of the fine structure of cells, including the endoplasmic reticulum»

«In recognition of his important contributions to the knowledge of cardiac physiology and pathology, and the development of several important techniques in cardiac surgery, and especially for his scientific courage in the pursuit of knowledge of clinical significance in many fields of medicine and surgery»

«In recognition of his important contributions to the knowledge of immunology and, in particular, for the demonstration of the presence of thyroglobulin antibodies in the serum of patients with Hashimoto's disease, and the stimulation which his research has given to the developing concept and understanding of diseases of auto-immunity»

«In recognition of her important contributions to the knowledge of immunology and, in particular, for her demonstration of the presence of thyroglobulin antibodies in the serum of patients with Hashimoto's disease, and the stimulation which her research has given to the developing concept and understanding of diseases of auto-immunity»

«In recognition of his significant contributions to the knowledge of pharmacology and the understanding of renal physiology and, in particular, for his painstaking research, perceptive observations and scientific leadership resulting in the discovery of uricosuric and improved diuretic drugs, which now bring relief to millions of sufferers from gout and gouty arthritis, and the edema associated with heart disease»

«In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the knowledge of genetics and molecular biology, and in particular for his elucidation of the fine structure of genes, which has made it possible to extend the limits of genetic resolution by relating genetic changes to chemical alterations in deoxyribonucleic acid, thus clarifying the chemical bases of heredity in determining the nature and properties of cells and viruses.»

«In recognition of his total contribution to our understanding of the causes and treatment of hypertension and in particular for his clinical evaluation of nerve-blocking drugs in the treatment of high blood pressure»

«In recognition of his contributions in the field of rheumatology and in particular for his demonstration that crystals of uric acid and calcium in the fluids in and about the joints are ingested by leukocytes which then release a substance which causes an inflammatory reaction»

«In recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of cellular biology by developing the technique of autoradiography with which he has studied the functioning of the thyroid gland and the rate of cell growth and renewal in various tissues of the body»

«In recognition of his contributions in the field of human metabolism and his role as the first to apply the technique of paper chromatography to the isolation and identification of substances in the blood and body fluids of patients, a technique which has revolutionized investigation of a number of genetic disorders involving amino acids and other substances»

«In recognition of his contributions in the development of serological techniques and in particular for the test he introduced to detect the presence of Rh antibodies on red blood cells»

«In recognition of his contributions in the field of endocrinology and in particular for his investigations establishing the clinical significance of aldosterone, a hormone of the adrenal cortex, in various types of hypertension and edema; also in recognition of his studies in the use of oral medications for the control of diabetes»

«In recognition of his contributions to our knowledge of certain metabolic disorders and in particular for his clarification of the serum protein abnormalities in multiple myeloma and in essential macroglobulinaemia»

«In recognition of his fundamental contributions to our understanding of the role of the thymus in the development of normal immunological mechanisms in early life, and in their maintenance in the adult, and for the stimulus which his studies of the thymus gave to the rapidly developing field of immunobiology»

«In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the field of carbohydrate chemistry and metabolism and, in particular, for his discovery of the sugar nucleotides and their fundamental reactions in the biosynthesis of disaccharides and polysaccharides»

«In recognition of his early work on the development of an artificial kidney, which has in recent years contributed to the prolongation of life of many patients suffering from renal failure, and has made it practical to consider the use of kidney transplants»

«In recognition of his pioneer work in the treatment of cancer with hormonal substances, and his use of a chemical means of monitoring the response in carcinoma of the prostate»

«For his outstanding contributions to our understanding of the physiological behaviour and biochemical changes occurring in the foetus in utero, and in particular for his clarification of the adjustments that occur at birth during the changeover to extra-uterine life»

«In recognition of his outstanding achievements in the field of immunochemistry»

«In recognition of his outstanding contributions in the fields of thrombosis and artherosclerosis, particularly his investigation of platelet economy, function, and metabolism, which have pointed to a relationship between thrombosis and artherosclerosis, and specifically for his classical experimental flow model demonstrating sites of thrombus accumulation, for the demonstration of platelet phagocytosis, and for the elucidation of factors affecting platelet aggregation»

«In recognition of a long and distinguished career marked by many important contributions to immunology and diabetes»

«In recognition of his important contributions in the field of mineral metabolism, and in particular for his studies of the physiology of calcitonin, and for his elucidation of numerous aspects of magnesium metabolism in experimental animals and man»

«In recognition of his important contributions to the problems of calcium homeostasis, particularly his demonstration of the existence of a new hormone "calcitonin" which directly alters blood calcium levels and also his confirmation that the source of the hormone is the ultimobranchial glands»

«In recognition of his wide-ranging and fundamental discoveries in relation to the chemistry, biosynthesis, metabolism and pharmacology of biogenic amines, especially the catecholamines»

«In recognition of his many contributions to the development of methods of preparing cells and tissues so that subcellular components could be adequately preserved and visualized in the electron microscope, and to his pioneering use of these methods to develop knowledge about structure and function of cellular components»

«In recognition of his contributions to our understanding of the mechanisms of protein synthesis»

«For the discovery of Iysosomes»

«For his elucidation of a number of inborn errors of metabolism and, in particular, for his discovery of an enzyme defect (phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency) in a neurological disease characterized by mental retardation, behavioural disturbances and over-production of uric acid»

«In recognition of his contributions to immunochemistry through his analysis of antigen-antibody reactions in gelled media, and of his discovery and elucidation of genetic variations in the structure of immunoglobulins»

«For his leadership in the development of metabolic inhibitors by systematic chemical modification of biologically important compounds»

«In recognition of his contributions to a better understanding of the fate of the lymphocyte and its function in immune reactions»

«For his valuable contributions to the knowledge of human blood groups and particularly for his work on the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of hemolytic disease of the newborn, and for his leadership and inspiration of investigators concerned with clinical immunohematology»

«In recognition of his outstanding contributions in immunology and immunopathology, particularly his investigations dealing with the elucidation of the pathogenesis of serum sickness and of experimental and human glomerulonephritis»

«In recognition of his contribution to the field of nephrology and particularly his pioneer work in kidney transplantation which has led to its development as a practical form of treatment and has advanced our knowledge of immunologic mechanisms»

«For the concept of chronic intermittent hemodialysis; the arteriovenous cannulas which made it possible; his role in the development of "home" dialysis and continued basic and clinical investigation in his field»

«In recognition of his scientific contributions to an understanding of cartilage degeneration, epiphyseal necrosis, torsional deformation of bone and dysplasia of joints in relation to numerous musculoskeletal disorders, especially congenital dislocation of the hip»

«In recognition of his outstanding contributions to our understanding of the central role the adenylcyclase system plays in mediating many of the effects of hormones on metabolic processes»

«In recognition of their development of the spleen colony technique for measuring the capacity of primitive normal and neoplastic cells to multiply and differentiate in the body»

«In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the investigation and treatment of coronary artery disease and, in particular, for his introduction of the technique of selected coronary arteriography which has permitted radiographic visualization of individual obstruction as an objective criterion of the need for revascularization of the myocardium»

«In recognition of his pioneer contributions to our understanding of the metabolism of free fatty acid and adipose tissue, and more recently for the significant work he has done in establishing a valuable method of treating narcotic addiction with methadone»

«In recognition of his contributions to the methodology of medical research, and to the clarification of complex epidemiological problems»

«In recognition of his many contributions to our understanding of host defense mechanisms»

«In recognition of his contributions to knowledge of the cellular basis of the immune response»

«In recognition of his work on the solid phase method for synthesis of polypeptides and of his application of this method in the first synthesis of an enzyme»

«For their development of a reliable, specific and sensitive method for the assay of plasma insulin, and their subsequent application of the same principles in the measurement of other polypeptide substances»

«In recognition of his discovery that insulin is derived from a larger precursor molecule, called pro-insulin - a model which may elucidate the biosynthesis of other active compounds»

«For his contributions to the study of the structure of complex biochemical substances, and in particular for determining the precise chemical composition of insulin»

«In recognition of his many contributions to the study of diabetes mellitus, and especially for his pioneer work on the site of action of insulin»

«In recognition of his part in the discovery and development of insulin, and for many other contributions to medical research»

«For their many important contributions to our knowledge of human blood groups, and for their brilliant application of this knowledge to problems in the fields of immunology, genetics, and clinical medicine»

«For his elucidation of the biochemical lesion in Parkinson's disease, and his other contributions to our knowledge of the physiology of the brain»

«For his ingenuity in devising biophysical techniques for the observation of molecular events in living tissues, cells and organelles and for his unique imaginativeness in applying these techniques to bridge the gap between our knowledge of isolated enzymes and the phenomena of physiology and pharmacology»

«In recognition of his contributions to the identification and chemical characterization of the prostaglandins, ubiquitous among mammalian tissues and having diverse biological activities»

«For his work on the enzymology of complex lipids and his contribution to the management of lipid storage diseases»

«For his recognition, clinical description and brilliant epidemiological study of the unusual lymphoma in Africa which now bears his name»

«For his scholarly contributions to the biomechanics and lubrication of joints and, in particular, for his development of a practical, low friction arthroplasty for arthritis of the hip»

«For the identification and characterization of the new immunoglobulin class, IgE, which has led to an increased understanding of allergic mechanisms»

«For his pioneer work in the development of cobalt and high energy radiotherapy and for his many contributions to education and research in the fields of clinical physics and biophysics»

«For innovative and significant research on the mechanism of action of viruses in relation to tumor production»

«For outstanding work on the identification, synthesis and clinical application of hypothalamic releasing hormones»

«For his elucidation of the metabolism of vitamin D»

«For his contributions to our understanding of the molecular basis of the complement system in man»

«In recognition of his many contributions during a long career in biochemical research»

«For elucidating the biochemical and genetic basis of the hemolytic anemias related to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, and other studies on human erythrocytes»

«In recognition of his discovery of the Australia antigen in 1963 and its association with hepatitis in 1967, greatly enhancing our knowledge of viral hepatitis type B, and its prevention»

«For fundamental discoveries related to glycogen metabolism and its disorders, disorders of fructose metabolism and the lysosomal basis of several inborn errors of metabolism»

«In recognition of outstanding contributions to our understanding of the molecular basis of muscle contraction»

«In recognition of his many and important contributions to our understanding of the natural history of congenital heart disease, which have formed the basis for the modern treatment of congenital heart malformations»

«In recognition of his outstanding contributions in the area of cardiovascular surgery, in particular the achievement of the ingenious operation for the transposition of the great vessels, for which the operation now bears his name»

«In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the care of patients by the pioneer development of computerized tomography»

«For their careful epidemiologic studies, revealing risk factors in cardiovascular disease which have important implications for the prevention of these disorders»

«For his elucidation of the biochemical pathways involved in triglyceride and phospholipid synthesis»

«For his contributions to our understanding of the biology of neoplastic cells and his distinguished work in tumour immunology»

«For his identification of the major histocompatibility complex in mice, and for establishing methods of study fundamental to immunogenetics»

«For his contributions to our understanding of the factors involved in the initiation, amplification and control of the inflammatory response»

«In recognition of his original and far-reaching contributions to the prevention of haemolytic disease of the newborn»

«For recognition of the effects of histocompatibility antigens in humans, and his continuing leadership in the application of this knowledge to such diverse fields as transplantation immunology and the study of genetically determined diseases»

«In recognition of his contributions to the understanding of the biochemistry, physiology and pathophysiology of lactogenic hormones and, in particular, for the identification of human prolactin»

«In recognition of his many contributions to the development of the field of clinical genetics and his role in placing human genetics in the mainstream of clinical medicine»

«In recognition of his highly original and conceptual contributions to molecular biology, and to the understanding of how genetic information is read and translated»

«In recognition of his pioneering work in purifying and elucidating the mechanisms of the cholinergic receptor»

«For his contributions to our understanding of the genetic, biochemical and clinical aspects of the hyperlipoproteinemias»

«In recognition of their discovery of carcinoembryonic antigen, and for studies which elucidated its biological and clinical significance»

«For elucidating fundamental biochemical mechanisms related to glycogen breakdown: pioneer work that has enhanced our knowledge of hormone action»

«In recognition of their many important contributions to our understanding of how environmental chemicals, both naturally occurring and man made, induce cancer»

«For his development of radioreceptor methods, their application to opiates and the detection of an endogenous opiate-like substance in the nervous system»

«In recognition of his role in the identification of amine receptors and in the development of the receptor-blocking drugs, Propranolol and Cimetidine»

«In recognition of his contributions to our understanding of the interrelationships of hormones and body fuels in differing nutritional states of man»

«In recognition of his contributions to our understanding of gene replication and regulation, and of the development of methods for sequencing of DNA and their application to studies of gene organization»

«In recognition of his discovery of steroid receptors which has led to the elucidation of the action of steroid hormones and to the development of tests guiding endocrine treatment for cancer of the breast»

«In recognition of his development of methods for the sequencing of DNA and of his contributions to new concepts of gene structure»

«In recognition of his contribution to understanding of genetic disease and, in particular, the detection of genetically-determined disease in large population groups, and the development of treatment programs for these disorders»

«In recognition of his contributions to our understanding of the mechanisms of protein synthesis and of the interplay of viral and cellular genes in regulating growth and division»

«For his discovery of the role of carnitine in the regulation of fatty acid metabolism»

«For the chemical synthesis of a functional gene»

«For his contributions to our knowledge of energy metabolism in cells and of transport in biological membranes»

«For the elucidation of mechanisms through which insulin and other peptide hormones interact with cells and of the ways in which these interactions are altered in disease states»

«For his fundamental contribution to our understanding of the molecular basis of immunogenicity»

«For their discovery of the role of receptor-mediated uptake of lipoproteins in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism»

«For their discovery of calmodulin»

«In recognition of their application of a cell-fusion technique to form immortal cell lines which produce antibodies of a single specificity»

«In recognition of her elucidation of the enzyme defects in some mucopolysaccharide storage diseases»

«In recognition of his pioneering studies on the biosynthesis of complex carbohydrates, on their role in cell-cell interactions, and on the transport of sugars into cells»

«For his identification of thromboxanes and leukotrienes, and for his elucidation of their mechanism of action»

«For his contributions to our understanding of the mechanisms by which carbohydrate markers regulate the recognition and uptake of proteins by cells»

«For his contributions to our understanding of the ways in which newly-synthesized proteins are transported within cells»

«For his contributions to our understanding of the role of amines, particularly dopamine, as neurotransmitters»

«In recognition of his invention of haloperidol and related drugs useful in the treatment of mental illness»

«For his contributions to our understanding of the function of complement»

«For his leading role in the World Health Organization program that eradicated smallpox throughout the world»

«For his development of a rapid and sensitive screening test that detects potential carcinogens in our environment»

«For his pioneering work in the purification of parathyroid hormone and his continuing studies of its mechanism of action»

«For his characterization of pulmonary surfactant and his contributions to our understanding of the respiratory distress syndrome in infants»

«For his elucidation of the role of subpopulations of lymphocytes in regulating the immune response»

«For his discovery that antibody diversity is produced by somatic recombination and mutation of genes»

«For research on viral and cellular oncogenes that extends our understanding of the molecular basis of human cancer»

«For elucidating the mechanism by which peptide hormones act across cell membranes to influence cell function»

«For his discovery of DNA polymorphism in sickle cell disease and thalassemia and its application to the antenatal diagnosis of human disease»

«For his research on the mechanisms of brain cell communication»

«For his discovery of the important anticancer drug Vinblastine»

«In recognition of his research on growth factors, and particularly for the isolation, purification and elucidation of the function of epidermal growth factor»

«For first proposing the use of nuclear magnetic resonance to produce images and demonstrating its application to human disease»

«For his contributions to the organic synthesis and structural analysis of oligosaccharides with human blood-group antigen specificity»

«For her contributions to our understanding of X-chromosome inactivation and its significance in normal and abnormal development»

«For their many contributions in the field of molecular genetics, especially in the field of gene regulation»

«For the discovery of the immunosuppressive properties of cyclosporine A»

«For increasing our understanding of RNA processing and gene expression»

«For the discovery and characterization of atrial natriuretic factor»

«For extending our understanding of the interaction of T lymphocytes with cells bearing foreign antigens»

«For the development and use of the technique of site-specific mutagenesis»

«For the introduction and development of coronary artery bypass surgery»

«For the identification and isolation of the virus causing acquired immune deficiency syndrome»

«For the identification and analysis of genes that control embryonic development»

«For elucidating the mechanisms of learning and memory in nerve cells»

«For contributions to the field of x-ray crystallography and its application to the structure of the common cold virus»

«For the discovery that regrowth and restoration of neural connections is possible in the injured adult mammalian central nervous system»

«For his work in establishing the roles of inositol trisphosphate, diacylglycerol, calcium and protein kinase C during signal transduction and in growth and differentiation»

«For the discovery that some forms of RNA have catalytic properties»

«For the identification of the Epstein-Barr virus»

«For contributions to our understanding of the structure and regulation of adrenergic receptors»

«For contributions to the cloning and sequencing of the gene for the T-cell receptor»

«For elucidating the mechanism of action of the beta-Iactam group of antibiotics»

«For contributions to the isolation and cloning of the gene for Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy»

«For the development of the patch clamp technique»

«For contributions to the identification of the gene for cystic fibrosis»

«For his discovery of the role of P-glycoprotein in the development of multidrug resistance of cancer cells»

«For the discovery, development and application of gel electrophoresis methods that allow the separation and identification of specific proteins and nucleic acids»

«For the development of bone marrow transplantation as a therapy for leukemia and other blood disorders»

«For establishing C. elegans as a model for studying the genetic control of development»

«For establishing C. elegans as a model for studying genetic control of development»

«For his contributions to our understanding of the process of angiogenesis»

«For his discovery and characterization of endothelial relaxing factor»

«For his contributions to our understanding of muscle membranes and ion transport»

«For his discovery of the polymerase chain reaction»

«In recognition of their contributions in the field of cell cycle regulation»

«For his contributions to the design and analysis of clinical trials»

«For elucidating the genetic events leading to the development of specific cancers»

«For pioneering work in the use of homologous recombination to generate targeted mutations in the mouse»

«For his leading role in the establishment of the discipline of clinical epidemiology»

«For elucidating the role of a novel infectious particle in certain diseases of the nervous system»

«For contributions to the development and application of positron emission tomography»

«For contributions to our understanding of the immune system by elucidation of the complex formed between MHC class I proteins and peptides derived from foreign antigens»

«For contributions to our understanding of the role of tyrosine kinases in signal transduction pathways that control cell growth»

«For contributions to the clinical use of colony-stimulating factors in the treatment of depressed hematopoiesis»

«For fundamental contributions to our understanding of the replication of DNA»

«For the design, synthesis and use of molecules to measure and manipulate intracellular signalling»

«For discoveries that led to the development of controlled drug release systems»

«For the discovery of the role of Helicobacter Pylori as a cause of peptic ulcer disease and the benefit that patients receive from its eradication»

«For establishing the critical importance of chromosomal rearrangement as a specific cause of human cancer and for a lifetime of research to identify the genes that are rearranged to cause leukemia and lymphoma»

«For the identification of proteins involved in intracellular traffic and vesicle fusion»

«For his many contributions to development neurobiology, in particular for his initial cellular and subsequent molecular and genetic dissection of the mechanisms controlling the guidance of neuronal growth cones to find and recognize their correct targets»

«For the discovery and characterization of the molecules responsible for cell-substrate adhesion including fibronections and integrins: and for recognizing the importance of extracellular matrix-cell interactions in modulating cell phenotype, and their clinical relevance in such fields as cancer, blood coagulation and wound healing»

«For his development of a two-hit mutational hypothesis for the origin of cancer that related hereditary and non-hereditary forms of retinoblastoma and other tumors; this hypothesis has become a paradigm for mutational theories on the origins of cancer and led directly to the concept of suppressor oncogenes»

«For the discovery of the structure of telomeres and the enzyme that synthesizes them»

«For his pioneering contribution to our understanding of the structure of the human mitochondrial genome and its role in human disease»

«For the discovery of the transport of proteins into mitochondria»

«For the discovery of the ubiquitin system of intracellular protein degradation and its many functions in the cell»

«In recognition of their pioneering contribution to our understanding of apoptosis»

«For their studies on the transcription machinery and elucidation of the basic mechanisms of transcription in eukaryotic cells»

«For their discovery of the molecular and cellular basis of antigen processing leading to our understanding of the physiological role of histocompatibility molecules and T lymphocyte antigen recognition»

«In recognition of his pioneering contributions to our understanding of the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders»

«For the elucidation of the mechanism of action and molecular structure of cation channels»

«For his pioneering work in the understanding of the structure, function and dynamics of microtubules»

«For his outstanding leadership in the Human Genome Project and particularly for the international effort to map and sequence the human and other genomes»

«For his 50 years of unparalelled contributions to biology and medical science, and in particular for his critical international leadership during the creation of the Human Genome Project»

«For his contributions to development of the computational tools essential for sequencing of the human genome»

«For their major seminal contributions to the sequencing of the human and other genomes»

«For his original concepts, and for technological and experimental innovations that were critical for the sequencing of the mammalian genomes»

«For his major advancement of whole genome sequencing and its applications to microbial, human and other genomes»

«For his contributions to computational molecular biology that greatly facilitated sequencing of the human genome»

«For his unique contributions in creating a detailed genetic map of the human genome»

«For their discovery of the olfactory receptors and the clarification of how these receptors transfer olfactory signals to the brain»

«For contributions to macromolecular crystallography, in the development of robust methods of phasing and refinement, and in the determination of complex and biologically important structures»

«For his development of blood oxygenation dependent imaging which has revolutionized the field of functional magnetic resource imaging (fMRI), and used extensively to study brain function»

«For his discovery and characterization of the role of the dendritic cell, a pivotal phagocytic cell in the immune system and essential to the development of vaccines»

«For pioneering discoveries that both founded and greatly advanced an entire field of neurogenetics, thereby transforming our understanding of the brain and its mechanisms»

«For his fundamental discoveries concerning chaperone assisted protein folding in the cell and its relevance to neurodegeneration»

«For his elucidation of mechanisms of gastric acid secretion and the development of novel therapies for gastric disease»

«For pioneering research in the understanding of human memory, and providing the necessary framework within which findings in neuroanatomy, neuroplysiology, and neuropharmacology can be integrated»

«For contributions to our understanding of obesity and particularly for the discovery of the adipose tissue hormone, leptin»

«For the discovery of RNA interference which initiated a revolution in the study and use of RNA in gene silencing»

«For his pioneering discoveries in germ line modifications in mammals»

«For his seminal studies defining new classes of nuclear hormone receptors and elucidating their role in energy metabolism and endocrine-related disease»

«For his discoveries related to understanding the cytoskeleton of the cell and the basis of cell mobility and its relevance to human disease»

«For her discovery of the reactivity of autoimmune sera with ribonucleoprotein particles and elucidation of the roles of small nuclear RNAs in messenger RNA processing»

«For his transforming studies demonstrating the link between chromatin structure and gene transcription and elucidating the mechanisms by which a variety of post-translational modifications of histones are involved in gene expression and genome maintenance and stability»

«For his discovery of the mechanism of chromosome segregation during cell division, which has profound implications for our understanding of chromosome non-disjunction in human cancer and other genetic diseases»

«For his studies on the structure and function of the ribosome which showed that the peptidyl transferase was an RNA catalyzed reaction, and for revealing the mechanism of inhibition of this function by antibiotics»

«For the development of targeted therapy Herceptin against advanced breast cancer expressing the Her-2/Neu oncogene resulting in more effective therapy for breast cancer»

«For the discovery of the causative role of papilloma viruses in cancer of the cervix which led to the development of a successful HPV vaccine»

«For the discovery and characterization of micro RNA's, important in the regulations of gene function»

«For his pioneering discoveries in cellular translation of genetic information»

«For his seminal discovery of adult neural stem cells in the mammalian brain and its importance in nerve cell regeneration»

«For the dissection and elucidation of a key pathway in the unfolded protein response which regulates protein folding in the cell»

«For the discovery of mechanisms that define cell polarity and asymmetric cell division, processes key in cell differentiation and in the generation of cell diversity»

«For his demonstration that the key transcription factors which specify pluripotency may become reprogrammed somatic cells to pluripotent stem cells»

«For identification of molecular mechanisms of oxygen sensing in the cell»

«For discovery of the voltage-gated sodium channel and calcium channel proteins and the elucidation of their function and regulation»

«For the elucidation of fundamental mechanisms of transcription in animal cells and to the discovery of the nuclear receptor superfamily»

«For his pioneering discoveries on DNA methylation and its role in gene expression»

«For his ground-breaking discovery of Toll like receptors and the array of microbial compounds that they recognize to provide innate resistance to infection»

«For his ground-breaking discovery of the family of Toll like receptors and the array of microbial compounds that they recognize to provide innate resistance to infection»

«For his pioneering discoveries concerning the biological clock responsible for circadian rhythms»

«For his seminal work on identifying the Fc receptors of antibodies, which play a key role in the immune response, and for establishing their critical role in autoimmune diseases and cancer»

«For research in defining the genetic and molecular pathways leading to the complex development of the spinal cord, with implications for therapeutic applications»

«For the engineering of humanized monoclonal antibodies and their widespread use in medical therapy, particularly for treatment of cancer and immune disorders»

«For elucidation of the DNA damage response as a signaling network that controls DNA repair and genomic stability with profound implications for cancer and other diseases»

«For critical contributions to the discovery and isolation of the hepatitis C virus, which has led to the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic agents»

«For her discovery of the mechanisms by which mammalian telomeres are protected from deleterious DNA repair and damage responses»

«For his discovery of immune checkpoint blockade and its successful application to immune therapy of cancer»

«For the discovery of anti-TNF therapy for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases»

«For discovering Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), a key molecular mediator of new blood vessel formation and the development of effective anti-VEGF therapy for cancer and wet macular degeneration»

«for pioneering the molecular elucidation of autophagy, an essential intracellular, degradation system and when disordered, is linked to many diseases including neurodegeneration, cancer, and infection»

«for his discovery of regulatory T cells, characterization of their role in immunity and application to the treatment of autoimmune diseases and cancer»

«for the discovery of the mechanism that destroys mutant messenger RNAs in human cells, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, which is critically important in both normal and disease states»

«for his discovery of the nutrient activated protein kinase TOR and elucidation of its central control of cell growth, critical to development and aging and widely implicated in cancers, diabetes, cardiovascular and immune diseases»

«for his discovery of PI 3-Kinase, a critical component of the cell signaling machinery that plays a key role in normal functions of proliferations and growth and is de-regulated in diseases such as cancer and diabetes»

«for development of CRISPR-CAS as a genome editing tool for eukaryotic cells»

«for establishing and characterizing CRISPR-Cas bacterial immune defense system»

«For the first discovery and development of statins, inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis that have transformed the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease»

«For determining the molecular basis of somatosensation- how we sense heat, cold and pain»

«For the development of modern NMR spectroscopy for studies of biomolecular structure dynamics and function, including applications to molecular machines and rare protein conformations»

«For pioneering the genomic approach, known as reverse vaccinology, used to develop a vaccine against meningococcus B which has saved many lives worldwide»

«For the discovery of the genetic basis of Rett syndrome and its implications for autism spectrum disorders»

«For the discovery of mammalian genomic imprinting that causes parent-of-origin specific gene expression and its consequences for development and disease.»

«For the discovery of light-gated ion channel mechanisms, and for the discovery of optogenetics, a technology that has revolutionized neuroscience.»

«For their pioneering research on the eukaryotic DNA replication cycles including initiation, regulation and responses to DNA damage»

«For the landmark discovery of the motor protein kinesin and pioneering the understanding of its mechanism of action in driving cellular movement processes including cell division and intracellular transport»

«For defining novel mechanisms of action and resistance of drugs of natural product origin, most significantly Taxol®, and promoting their use for treatment of cancer»

«For discovery of the first immune system adhesion molecules, elucidation of their roles in antigen recognition and leukocyte homing, and translation of these discoveries into therapeutics for autoimmune diseases»